All posts by lisa-legalinfo

Making MDC Nice for Diddy – Update for September 24, 2024

We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

“URGENT ACTION” FOR MDC BROOKLYN

Last month, U.S. District Judge Gary Brown of the Eastern District of New York sentenced 74-year-old Daniel Colucci to nine months in prison for a tax crime, conditioned on the Federal Bureau of Prisons not designating him to serve it at MDC Brooklyn, a BOP facility used largely for presentence detainees.

It’s a facility Judge Brown described as being “dangerous [and] barbaric.” It’s also the new home for Sean “Diddy” Combs, 

dungeon180627The Judge apparently struck a nerve. Last week, BOP spokeswoman Randilee Giamusso told the New York Daily News, “Effective since August, the Federal Bureau of Prisons has temporarily paused all initial designations to the minimum security cadre component of MDC Brooklyn.” As of now, only 42 of the 1,200 MDC inmates are serving sentences at the facility.

Judge Brown’s opinion, which detailed conditions at MDC Brooklyn – including lengthy lockdowns, vicious assaults and significant delays in providing medical care – came several weeks after an MDC inmate was killed in a fight there. As a result of the opinion, Colucci was sent to FMC Devens.

The new policy was revealed during a September 12th sentencing of Stephen Mead in the Eastern District of New York. During the hearing, Assistant US Attorney Doug Pravda told the Court that the BOP designation policy “had recently changed, and MDC was broadly off the table,” Corrections1 reported.

Defense attorney Noam Biale, representing a pretrial inmate who did not receive his medication after an emergency appendix procedure, was quoted by the Daily News as having said “if both judges and the BOP recognize it’s not an appropriate place for people to serve their sentences, how can it be appropriate to jail people who are presumed innocent there?”

The BOP has not indicated when or if MDC Brooklyn might resume accepting sentenced inmates. Meanwhile, MDC Brooklyn is getting special attention even as a high-profile music celebrity was detained there instead of being bonded out.

BOP last week said it has cut inmate population at the MDC by 25% and increased staffing by about 20% to 469 employees, with 157 vacancies left. Before the hiring surge, the facility was at about 55% staffing, according to court filings.

An unidentified senior BOP official told The Associated Press that members of its Urgent Action Team, a group of senior officials focused on increasing facility staffing levels and ensuring adequate repairs, “have made repeated visits to MDC Brooklyn and… are giving the jail ‘sustained attention’ and ‘sustained leadership focus to mitigate issues at the lockup,” AP quoted the official as saying. The AP said the team is working to remedy “more than 700 backlogged maintenance requests and answering judges’ concerns.”

Urgent action required grunge rubber stamp on white background, vector illustration

Two weeks ago, I reported that nine FCI Waseca inmates had been hospitalized for adverse reactions to drug use. Last week, the Minneapolis Star-Tribune reported that Waseca has been under lockdown for the past two weeks because of the incident, which also resulted in two BOP employees being sent to a hospital for potential drug exposure.

In an email sent to the newspaper by a BOP official, the hospitalized employees are back at work and the inmates have returned to the prison.

Finally, former FMC Lexington correctional officer Jacob Salcido pled guilty in US District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky  a week ago to three counts of sexual abuse of a ward, admitting that over the last four months of 2020, he “knowingly engaged in sexual acts with three inmates.” He is due to be sentenced in December.

Corrections1, N.Y. facility halts intake of sentenced inmates (September 17, 2024)

Associated Press, Bureau of Prisons says it’s adding staff and making fixes at jail where Sean ‘Diddy’ Combs is held (September 20, 2024)

Minneapolis Star-Tribune, Waseca women’s prison has been on lockdown for two weeks (September 18, 2024)

DOJ, Former FMC Prison Guard Pleads Guilty to Three Counts of Sexual Abuse of a Ward (September 13, 2024)

– Thomas L. Root

5th Circuit Suggests Felon-In-Possession May Sometimes Violate 2nd Amendment – Update for September 23, 2024

We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

NO GUNS FOR HORSE THIEVES… BUT MAYBE FOR OTHERS

While upholding a felon-in-possession conviction against Ronnie Diaz, the 5th Circuit ruled last week that 18 USC § 922(g)(1) nevertheless may violate the 2nd Amendment in some cases.

grandtheftauth240923

Ron’s conviction was not his first felon-in-possession rodeo. In 2014, he did three years in state prison in 2014 for stealing a car and evading arrest. Four years later, he was caught breaking into a car while carrying a gun and a baggie of meth. He did two years in state for a Texas charge of possessing a firearm as a felon. (Yeah, it’s illegal there, too).

After a November 2020 traffic stop that got kicked up to the Feds, Ron was convicted of 21 USC § 841(a)(1) drug trafficking, an 18 USC 18 USC § 924(c) count for possessing a gun during a drug crime, and a § 922(g)(1) felon-in-possession. Ron moved to dismiss the § 922(g)(1) as unconstitutional under New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen. The district court denied him.

The district court denied Ron’s Bruen motion. Ron appealed, and last week, the 5th Circuit agreed.

Bruen addressed whether a state law severely limiting the right to carry a gun in public violated the 2nd Amendment right to bear arms. When a law limits 2nd Amendment rights, Bruen held, the burden falls on the government to show that the law is “consistent with this Nation’s historical tradition of firearm regulation.” This involves addressing “how and why the regulations burden a law-abiding citizen’s right to armed self-defense.” In Bruen, the Court held that the plain text of the 2nd Amendment protects the right to bear arms in public for self-defense and that the government had failed to “identify an American tradition” justifying limiting such behavior.

Then in United States v. Rahimi, the Supreme Court last June ruled that 18 USC § 922(g)(8) – that prohibits people under domestic protection orders from having guns – passed the Bruen test. Comparing § 922(g)(8) to colonial “surety and going armed” laws that prohibited people from “riding or going armed, with dangerous or unusual weapons to terrify the good people of the land,” the Supreme Court held that § 922(g)(8) was analogous to such laws,  only applied once a court has found that the defendant “represents a credible threat to the physical safety” and only applied only while a restraining order is in place.

Violating the “surety and going armed” laws could result in imprisonment. The 5th said that “if imprisonment was permissible to respond to the use of guns to threaten the physical safety of others, then the lesser restriction of temporary disarmament that § 922(g)(8) imposes is also permissible.”

horsethief240923The 5th noted that “felony” is much too malleable a term to serve as a basis for deciding § 922(g)(1)’s constitutionality. Instead, it compared each of Ron’s prior convictions to colonial laws. Stealing a car, the Circuit decided, was analogous to colonial laws against horse thievery, and horse thieves in colonial America “were often subject to the death penalty.” Such laws “establish that our country has a historical tradition of severely punishing people like Diaz who have been convicted of theft,” meaning that a permanent prohibition on possessing guns passes 2nd Amendment muster.

“Taken together,” the Circuit said, “laws authorizing severe punishments for thievery and permanent disarmament in other cases establish that our tradition of firearm regulation supports the application of § 922(g)(1) to Diaz.”

Considering the obverse, the Diaz opinion suggests that other offenses unknown in colonial times – like selling drugs, downloading child porn, securities fraud, or conspiracy to do anything illegal – could not trigger the felon-in-possession statute consistent with the 2nd Amendment. Requiring a court to parse a defendant’s priors in order to convict him of a § 922(g)(1) would make a confusing hash of any felon-in-possession case.

Writing in his Sentencing Policy and Law blog, Ohio State University law professor Doug Berman observed that “the 8th Circuit has categorically rejected 2nd Amendment challenges to § 922(g)(1)… whereas the 6th Circuit has upheld this law “as applied to dangerous people.” The 5th Circuit has now upheld the law… based on the fact that there were Founding era laws ‘authorizing severe punishments for thievery and permanent disarmament in other cases’… [T]he fact that three circuits have taken three different approaches to this (frequently litigated) issue is yet another signal that this matter will likely have to be taken up by SCOTUS sooner rather than later.”

United States v. Diaz, Case No. 23-50452, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 23725 (5th Cir., September 18, 2024)

New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 (2022)

United States v. Rahimi, 144 S. Ct. 1889, 219 L. Ed. 2d 351 (2024)

Sentencing Policy and the Law, Fifth Circuit panel rejects Second Amendment challenge to federal felon in possession for defendant with prior car theft offense (September 20, 2024)

– Thomas L. Root

Felon-In-Possession 2nd Amendment Challenges Are Trending – Update for September 20, 2024

We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

922(g) FELON IN POSSESSION CHALLENGES EXPLODE AFTER BRUEN

The Trace reported last week that 55% of over 2,000 federal court decisions citing New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen over the past two years have challenged the constitutionality of 18 USC § 922(g)’s ban on felons possessing guns and ammo, “making it the single most frequently contested statute by far.”

guns200304The latest example was handed down two days ago in United States v. Diaz. In that case, the 5th Circuit ruled that just being a felon was insufficient to make the application of 18 USC § 922(g)(1) consistent with the Second Amendment. But where the defendant had been convicted of a felony of theft, that “would have led to capital punishment or estate forfeiture” at the time the Second Amendment was ratified, “disarming [the defendant] fits within this tradition of serious and permanent punishment” and is thus constitutionally applied.

I will write more about Diaz on Monday. For now, back to the trendline:

The Trace reported that “at least 30 of the challenges to the felon gun ban have succeeded. While that ratio may seem small, it marks a stark departure from the past, when effectively none succeeded, and it shows that Bruen has cracked the longstanding consensus that people convicted of serious crimes may constitutionally be barred from gun ownership.”

When weighing the felon gun ban, judges have distinguished between violent and nonviolent offenses. But a former prosecutor told The Trace (an unapologetically anti-gun publication), that drawing the line is tough. “Who’s dangerous? What is your definition of dangerous? It’s easier to have a bright line. But that bright line is gone.”

Andrew Willinger, the executive director of the Duke Center for Firearms Law – which disseminates and supports reliable, balanced, and insightful scholarship and programming on firearms law – said it remains unclear whether banning gun possession among entire categories of people, like felons, is constitutional, particularly when their convictions were for nonviolent offenses that posed no obvious danger to the public.

“You’re really talking about categorical group determinations, rather than any kind of individualized finding of a threat of danger,” Willinger said. “And [United States v.] Rahimi doesn’t endorse [categorical prohibitions], but it also doesn’t rule them out, right?”

gun160711No one can know how the Supreme Court will rule when the felon gun ban finally gets to the high court, although no one can doubt that it will. When Justice Amy Coney Barrett was a 7th Circuit judge, she wrote a dissent favoring restoration of gun rights to nonviolent felons. “That is probably the direction that the Supreme Court is headed if and when it takes up these cases,” Willinger said, “which I think it probably has to do at some point in the near future.”

The Trace, More Than a Thousand Felons Have Challenged Their Gun Bans Since the Supreme Court’s Bruen Decision (September 12, 2024)

United States v. Diaz, Case No. 23-50452, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 23725 (5th Cir., September 18, 2024)

– Thomas L. Root

Food Fight – Update for September 19, 2024

We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

INMATES RESTIVE OVER FSA CREDIT MISFEASANCE

numbers180327Walter Pavlo reported in Forbes last Friday that despite BOP Director Colette Peters’ statement to a House Judiciary Subcommittee two months ago that the agency is now using a forward-looking calculator for First Step Act credits – credits earned for successful participation in programs intended to reduce recidivism – the calculator remains only partly implemented, leaving federal inmates confused and frustrated.

The BOP is now calculating both a Projected Release Date – which shows a release date calculated only on how many credits have been awarded to date – and a Conditional Release Date that predicts how many credits the prisoner is likely to earn over his or her remaining sentence. Pavlo wrote that “case managers are confused over which one should be used for planning purposes. It may seem obvious that the Conditional Release Date would make more sense, but that is not how it is working.”

Pavlo reported that at the Federal Prison Camp at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, prisoners engaged in a food strike last week, planning to continue until staff ensures that “their concerns are addressed.”

In keeping with its policy of maximum opacity, the BOP issued a public statement saying only that “numerous inmates” skipped lunch and that BOP employees “are looking into why.”

hungerstrike240918

Pavlo knows why, as does anyone who has followed the BOP’s messy and incompetent implementation of the First Step Act. He explained:

Many prisoners there are eligible for FSA credits and they lined up outside of case managers’ offices last week to get answers to a simple question, “When am I leaving?” Tensions rose as prisoners were told to leave their units from 7:00am until 3:30pm as those meeting with case managers were not getting straight answers. According to prisoners I spoke with on condition of anonymity, tensions are high as case managers could not provide answers as to what the BOP’s position was on the new calculations.

While local news in Montgomery provided some information about the unrest at the federal prison, personal accounts from family members poured in telling of concern of escalation from staff who are taking away television time, visitation, computers and microwaves. “This is all about the BOP not giving us answers to things we know about from reading the First Step Act law,” said Donavan Davis a prisoner at FPC Montgomery, “I should be home now and nobody is listening.”

Pavlo reported that “[p]risoners told me that the BOP is not being clear about its position on First Step Act credits being awarded and many believe they are now being held against the law. Some provided information that confirms they could have been placed on home confinement months ago…”

I have heard from a number of inmates whose Conditional Release Dates have already passed without any indication from BOP officials that they are being placed in halfway house or home confinement as required by law. BOP Director Peters told the House Subcommittee on Crime and Federal Government Surveillance in July that “the shortage of halfway house space, the primary means of monitoring those on home confinement, is at a crisis level.”

We already knew that, but Pavlo underscored the BOP failure: The “limitation of halfway house space is keeping people in prison longer, and apparently, many have had enough.”

Diverse reports from prisoners in facilities across the BOP suggest that institutions are responding to prisoner demands for release on their Conditional Release Dates by refusing to provide inmates with copies of their FSA credit sheets. The theory apparently is if ignorance is not bliss, at least it deprives the “adults in custody” of proof that they’re being denied their rights and thus grounds for complaint.

foodstrike240918Food strikes aren’t going to make the BOP honor FSA credits. The BOP takes any organized protest by inmates as a serious matter, akin to a riot. The outcome is never good for the prisoners. The matter has to be solved in court, and the sooner the better.

Forbes, Bureau Of Prisons’ Issues With First Step Act Leads to Food Strike… (September 14, 2024)

House Subcommittee on Crime and Federal Government Surveillance, Oversight Hearing on Federal Bureau of Prisons Oversight (July 23, 2024)

– Thomas L. Root

JSIN Is Solid, 9th Circuit Says – Update for September 18, 2024

We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

SENTENCING COMMISSION PLATFORM GAINS LEGITIMACY

data240917Three years ago this month, the U.S. Sentencing Commission debuted the Judiciary Sentencing INformation platform, known as JSIN, intended for use by sentencing judges to provide access to sentencing data for similarly-situated defendants. Using JSIN – available to anyone on the USSC website – a judge can input the Sentencing Guideline applicable to the statute of conviction (such as USSG § 2B1.1. for an 18 USC § 1343 wire fraud). Then, by clicking on the applicable sentencing range, that corresponds to the defendant’s Total Offense Level and Criminal History Category, the judge will generate a report on the mean and median sentences imposed nationwide for people in that Guideline range over the past five years.

Eighteen months ago, the Federal Judicial Center began a two-year pilot study of the impact of including JSIN data in defendants’ presentence reports in about one-third of all federal districts. In districts assigned to the pilot group, probation officers append a report from the JSIN tool to the end of each PSR (a report that is a compilation of information about a defendant developed by a probation officer prior to the sentencing hearing, including both details on such the defendant’s offense, criminal history, family history, education, employment record, military service, finances, and physical and mental health, and calculations on the recommended Guidelines range).

In the remaining districts, probation officers will refrain from including JSIN data in PSRs during the two-year study period, although judges and litigants may still use and consider the JSIN tool as they wish.

JSIN often reports that the average nationwide sentence for what a defendant was convicted of is considerably under the Guidelines advisory sentencing range and for people sentenced years ago is now much lower now than what was imposed at the time. For a sentencing memo I worked on a few weeks ago, JSIN reported that the national average sentence for a Criminal History III fraud defendant with a Total Offense Level of 14 (Guidelines range of 21-27 months) was 14-16 months, a 33% discount from the bottom of what the Guidelines recommended for a sentencing range.

Thus, JSIN is often great evidence of disparity between an older sentence and current sentencing practice – that is, if JSIN is reliable. A judge can easily conclude that a sentence around JSIN’s mean or median sentence is the sort of “just punishment” called for by 18 USC § 3553(a). But human nature being what it is, the defendants tend to reject JSIN’s results if those don’t support a lower sentence just as prosecutors reject JSIN’s reliability if its numbers don’t support a higher one.

Last week, the 9th Circuit slapped down a defendant who argued that his judge violated his due process rights by finding that JSIN data was sufficiently reliable to consider at sentencing as supporting a higher sentence. The Circuit held that “JSIN data came from a reliable source and was designed specifically for judges to use during sentencing to fulfill their obligations under 18 USC § 3553(a)(6) to consider the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities. The JSIN data was also corroborated by other unchallenged evidence.”

JSIN240917Brewster makes JSIN something of a two-edged sword. Today, it swipes at a defendant, but tomorrow it could just as easily eviscerate a government argument for a higher sentence. For those seeking more empirical sentencing data – as courts and thoughtful lawyers on both sides should – the decision is excellent support for an argument that sentencing judges should take JSIN seriously.

United States v. Brewster, Case No. 23-329, 2024 U.S.App. LEXIS 23240 (9th Cir. September 12, 2024)

U.S. Sentencing Commission, Sentencing Resources Guide

Administrative Office of U.S. Courts, Judiciary Studies Use of Online Tool in Presentence Reports (January 25, 2023)

– Thomas L. Root

Justice Unserved in Texas – Update for September 17, 2024

We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

WHAT THE HECK/

More than two decades ago, Erma Wilson, a certified nursing assistant in her mid-20s, was convicted of cocaine possession after police in Midland, Texas, said they had found a bag of crack on the ground belonged to her. For two decades, she has steadfastly denied that the crack was hers. She trusted a fair trial to vindicate her. She didn’t get one.

ermawilson240917

Her felony conviction resulted in an eight-year suspended sentence but denied her life-long dream of becoming a registered nurse. Erma continued to work as a certified nursing assistant and, after further training, as a medical assistant, her criminal record has made employers uncomfortable hiring her. She has struggled to support herself and her family.

Then, in February 2021, Erma learned from USA Today that in her trial – and hundreds of others in Midland County spanning decades — “bedrock judicial norms were dishonored.” As the 5th Circuit described it, “[u]nbeknownst to Wilson, a Midland County assistant district attorney, Ralph Petty, had been moonlighting, acting as both accuser and adjudicator. For nearly 20 years, the multitasking Petty had worn two hats: (1) by day, a prosecutor in the public courtrooms of Midland County judges; and (2) by night, a law clerk in the private chambers of Midland County judges. Disturbingly, Petty was working both sides of the bench, seeking favorable rulings while also writing them.”

She sued Midland County under 42 USC § 1983 for violating her constitutional rights under color of state law. Last week, the 5th Circuit ruled in an en banc opinion that unless she got her conviction set aside, she is barred from seeking damages for the two decades of ruin that Ralph Petty and her judge had visited upon her.

The 5th said that Texas law gave her a number of ways to set aside her conviction, but Erma “chose to forgo all of them” and instead brought the § 1983 money damages claim in federal court. The district court threw out her suit because § 1983 can’t be used to challenge a tainted conviction until that conviction has been set aside or expunged, the so-called favorable-termination rule of Heck v. Humphrey.

In Heck, the Supreme Court held that when “the invalidity of [a] conviction” is an element of a § 1983 damages claim, the plaintiff cannot bring suit unless and until the conviction is favorably terminated.”

On appeal, Erma argued that the favorable termination rule applies only to people in custody. The 5th Circuit disagreed, citing a single footnote in Heck – footnote 10 – in which the Supreme Court majority mused that “the principle barring collateral attacks – a longstanding and deeply rooted feature of both the common law and our own jurisprudence – is not rendered inapplicable by the fortuity that a convicted criminal is no longer incarcerated.”

The 5th held that Heck’s footnote 10 established that “the favorable-termination requirement is unconcerned with custody. It is instead concerned with all § 1983 claims by all civil plaintiffs who seek civil remedies against defective criminal processes.”

In a stinging dissent joined by five other judges, Judge Willett wrote,

It took Erma Wilson 20 years to learn of the brazen prosecutorial misconduct that laid waste to her fundamental fair-trial right… This was a DEFCON 1 legal scandal—a prosecutor being on the judge’s payroll—and Wilson learned of [it] along with the rest of the nation… My take: The majority opinion in Heck had no reason to address whether the rule applied to plaintiffs who have already completed their sentences because the plaintiff in Heck was still in prison. But in infamous footnote 10—the very quintessence of dicta—the Court mused that the favorable termination requirement should also reach plaintiffs who are no longer incarcerated. The Supreme Court’s later admonition in District of Columbia v. Heller about latching onto unargued, unbriefed, unconsidered pronouncements has never rung truer: “It is inconceivable that we would rest our interpretation… upon such a footnoted dictum in a case where the point was not at issue and was not argued.”

goodpros170330

The en banc 5th was puzzled at Erma’s choice of forum, just as I am. The Circuit noted that Erma’s decision not to first pursue getting the felony vacated “was curious—both because the state courts made clear that their doors were open to overturn Wilson’s conviction, and because the entire premise of this lawsuit is that Wilson’s criminal conviction created an insuperable obstacle to her lifelong dream of becoming a nurse… But for whatever reason, Wilson chose to seek only money damages under 42 USC § 1983 and attorneys’ fees under 42 USC § 1988. The key allegation in Wilson’s complaint, which she repeated for emphasis, was that she was entitled to relief under federal law because her criminal conviction was “tainted” by violations of the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.”

Wilson v Midland County, Case No. 22-50998, 2024 U.S.App. LEXIS 23339 (5th Cir. September 13, 2024)

Heck v. Humphrey, 512 US 477 (1994)

Reason, 5th Circuit Reluctantly Rules Against Victim of a Prosecutor Who Was Also a Law Clerk (December 18, 2023)

– Thomas L. Root

Everybody’s for Pot – Update for September 16, 2024

We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

FEDERAL MARIJUANA REFORM GAINS TRACTION

marijuana160818Donald Trump last week signaled support for a federal policy shift to reclassify marijuana as a less dangerous drug, putting his position in line with that of his Democratic opponent, Kamala Harris.

Unlike Harris, Trump has not gone so far as to endorse repealing federal pot prohibition, a move that voters overwhelmingly favor. But his statements on marijuana reform suggest he recognizes the political potency of this issue.

According to the US Cannabis Council, this marks the first time that both major-party presidential candidates have supported broad cannabis reform.

Trump, the Republican presidential nominee, posted on his social media platform last week that “I believe it is time to end needless arrests and incarcerations of adults for small amounts of marijuana for personal use… We must also implement smart regulations, while providing access for adults to safe, tested product.”

Trump also has said he supports the Biden administration’s plan to move marijuana from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) – the most restrictive category – to Schedule III, which includes prescription drugs such as ketamine, Tylenol with codeine, and anabolic steroids. “As President,” Trump wrote, “we will continue to focus on research to unlock the medical uses of marijuana [as] a Schedule 3 drug.”

That reclassification would facilitate cannabis research and be a financial boon to the cannabis industry. However, the sale of marijuana would remain a criminal offense under the CSA.

marijuana221111When Biden proposed rescheduling in October 2022, he promised to complete the job by the end of 2024. Two weeks ago, the Drug Enforcement Administration announced that it would hold a public hearing on the marijuana rescheduling ion December 2. That makes completing the rescheduling before 2025 unlikely.

Last week, The Last Prisoner Project and bipartisan 420 Unity Coalition partners launched the #Countdown4Clemency campaign, calling on Biden to commute the sentences of an estimated 3,000 prisoners doing time for marijuana convictions.

“Time is running out on President Biden’s term, but it is not too late for him to undo the harms inflicted on families impacted by cannabis criminalization,” LPP Executive Director Sarah Gersten said. “With his clemency powers, the president has the opportunity to right history and restore justice by fulfilling his promise that no one should be in jail for cannabis.”

Associated Press, Trump signals support for reclassifying pot as a less dangerous drug, in line with Harris’ position (September 9, 2024)

Reason, Trump Endorses Federal Marijuana Reforms and Reiterates His Support for Legalizing Pot in Florida (September 9, 2024)

#Countdown4Clemency Campaign Calls on Biden to Keep Promise, Free 3,000 People Incarcerated for Cannabis (September 10, 2024)

Federal Register, Schedules of Controlled Substances: Rescheduling of Marijuana (89 FR 70148, August 29, 2024)

– Thomas L. Root

‘SORT’ of a FUBAR – Update for September 13, 2024

We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

BOP EMPLOYEES FEEL OUT OF ‘SORTS’

From the 10th Circuit this week comes a fascinating case – not so much for the dry-as-toast legal issue – whether under the Westfall Act, 28 USC § 2679, government employees were acting outside the scope of their employment when they assaulted fellow employees, but for the juicy facts, a Bureau of Prisons training exercise gone bad, punching them and (for good measure) administering a bit of tear gas.

policeraid170824BOP employees at FCC Florence were practicing how to respond to a hostage situation. The setting was a BOP office that, for the exercise, was assumed to be under the control of rioting inmates. BOP policy directs that in such a case, employees are to find a safe space in which to shelter, and to not let anyone in under any circumstances. For example, a fellow employee at the door begging for admission should be denied, because he or she might be under the control of a bad guy and being forced to try to get the shelterers to open the door.

In a hostage situation, the BOP first employs a team of people trained to negotiate a peaceful settlement. Only when that fails does the Bureau send in its Special Operations Response Team – the SORT Team – the agency’s own version of a SWAT Team, which is charged with using force to bring an end to the standoff.

In the Florence exercise, several employees hid in a cashier’s cage to which only one of the people taking refuge there had a key, a decision consistent with their training. However, during the drill, the BOP staff barricaded in the cashier’s cage overheard a radio call that they reasonably interpreted as meaning that rioters had taken control of the SORT Team by compromising one of the SORT squad members.

The negotiating team failed to bring the play-acting hostage situation to a peaceful conclusion (obviously, because had it done so, the SORT guys would not have had a chance to do their stuff). SORT crashed the practice and took down the pretend hostage-takers. It was then that everything went off the rails.

firecrackerB240913The SORT Team stood outside the cashier’s office door and instructed those inside to open it. The barricaded employees refused to answer, believing the claims that the inmates had been subdued to be a ruse. The SORT squad members became more strident in their demands, but the sheltering employees remained mute. Frustrated by this SORT member Chad Weise threatened to throw a flash strip – a kind of explosive charge – under the door.

At that point, one of the employees broke the silence and told SORT that there were people inside the cage. As the Circuit described it, the SORT squad

then repeatedly slammed their bodies against the cage door, demanding that plaintiffs open it, and threatened to deploy oleoresin-capsicum spray (OC spray) if plaintiffs did not comply… Next, Weise used a tool to pry open the steel shutters of the cashier’s window. At that point, one of the non-plaintiff individuals sheltering in the cashier’s cage demanded that defendants stop destroying government property and shouted ‘out of role’—a phrase that any BOP employee can use during a mock exercise to immediately end the exercise for safety reasons, and a phrase that no defendant ever used throughout the entire incident. Plaintiffs also repeatedly explained to defendants that they would not open the door because they believed that SORT was compromised. Even so, [one] SORT member… fired Simunition rounds at or into the cashier’s cage; five such rounds were recovered from inside the cage.

Meanwhile, the SORT squad continued to threaten to use OC spray, “and plaintiffs repeatedly responded by shouting that it was against BOP policy to use OC spray on staff.” The SORT squad radioed for permission to use the OC spray. “Authorization was never received. Undeterred, Weise notified the command center by radio that he was going to use the OC spray and then sprayed two bursts—one at the cashier’s window and one underneath the door of the cashier’s cage. Plaintiffs’ eyes began to burn, they began to cough and have difficulty breathing, and they shouted ‘out of role’ continuously.”

Three SORT officers finally pushed their way into the cashier’s cage in full tactical gear. “They told plaintiffs to get on the ground, which was not possible given the size of the room, the furniture, and the number of people in it,” the 10th said. Then, the three “repeatedly started punching and hitting the individuals inside the cashier’s cage, even though plaintiffs and the other individuals in the cage continued to shout ‘out of role…’ All three officers began punching the sheltering employees, and one shot an employee” in the chest at point [b]lank with a Simunition round, which burned through [his] shirt and left a bleeding laceration on his chest.”

musicstops220623The district court found that “BOP policy prohibits the use of OC spray and Simunition rounds in the absence of any threat, and the BOP’s employee-conduct standards state that ‘[a]n employee may not use physical violence, threats, or intimidation . . . toward fellow employees…’ At no point during these events did defendants report a real emergency to the prison’s command center. Thus, the district court concluded that defendants had violated BOP policy and had ‘no legitimate belief of a real threat or emergency situation to justify the incidents that occurred’.”

Four of the sheltering BOP employees sued six of the SORT team officers for state-law assault claims, but the government stepped in. Under the Westfall Act, 28 USC § 2679, federal employees are absolutely immune from state-law tort claims that arise out of acts they undertake in the course of their official duties. In a civil action raising state-law tort claims against a federal employee, Westfall lets the government certify that the employee was acting within the scope of his or her employment at the time of the incident.

That’s what the government did here. However, the district court rejected the Westfall certification. The government appealed. Last week, the 10th Circuit agreed with the district court.

In assessing the scope of employment, courts apply the respondeat superior law of the state where the incident occurred. Colorado’s two-pronged test for determining whether an employee’s alleged intentional tort is within the scope of employment requires that the employee must (1) be doing the work assigned by the employer, or what is necessarily incidental to that work, or customary in the employer’s business and (2) have the intent in committing the tortious act to further the employer’s business.

punch160328The Circuit found that the SORT defendants had abandoned their legitimate work of clearing the business office by making no effort to communicate to plaintiffs that the exercise was over, using OC spray and Simunition in violation of BOP policy, and “essentially engaging in combat with staff members.” The 10th agreed with the district court that the SORT team’s “conduct was not intended to further the BOP’s business. Instead, the district court concluded that defendants acted out of frustration in response to plaintiffs’ justified refusal to respond to defendants’ questions and demands to exit the cashier’s cage.”

The suit can now continue against the six SORT officers in district court.

Arroyo v. Hall, Case No. 22-1307, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 22928 (10th Cir. Sep. 10, 2024)

– Thomas L. Root

Bad Cases Make Hard Law – LISA Newsletter for September 12, 2024

We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

WHEN ‘SHALL’ CAN MEAN ‘MAY’

Last week, I referenced Booker v. Bayless, a strange case from the Northern District of West Virginia that found the Federal Bureau of Prison’s duty to place people with sufficient First Step Act credits in halfway house or home confinement was not subject to judicial review.

holmes240912Civil War combat vet and Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., once wrote that “hard cases make bad law.” A fair obverse of that aphorism applies to Bayless: Bad cases make hard law.

In Bayless, the prisoner filed a messy habeas petition arguing that the BOP should be ordered to give him the 12 months halfway house he was entitled to under the Second Chance Act. As I noted last week, prisoners are not ‘entitled’ to even one day of halfway house under the SCA. The Magistrate Judge said as much in his Report and Recommendation.

The petitioner filed objections to the Report and Recommendation with the District Court, asking the Judge (as the Court described it) “to take ‘judicial notice’ of… Woodley v. Warden… [P]etitioner cites [18 USC] §§ 3624(g) and 3632(d)(4)… [and] goes on to quote directly from Woodley.” Rather than declining to consider arguments on those sections that hadn’t been raised in front of the Magistrate Judge, the District Court addressed them, relying on Murray Energy Corp v. Environmental Protection Agency, a 4th Circuit decision that ruled an EPA decision was not subject to court review because the statute in question did not impose on the EPA a duty “amenable” to 42 USC § 7604(a)(2) review.

The District Court ruled,

Section 3632 — when read as a whole — imposes on the BOP a broad, open-ended statutory mandate to do many things for inmates. The BOP is thus left with considerable discretion in managing its § 3632 duty. The BOP gets to, among other items, assess an inmate’s risk of recidivism and needs, develop individualized reentry plans for inmates, determine the appropriate classification and placement of inmates within the prison system, manage and facilitate inmates’ participation in programs designed to address their specific needs, provide incentives for inmates who engage in positive behavior or successfully complete programs, [and] make recommendations regarding sentence adjustments based on inmates’ participation in programs and overall conduct… By statute, it has already been found that “a designation of a place of imprisonment under this subsection is not reviewable by any court”… Thus, this Court finds that § 3632 does not impose on the BOP a specific and discrete duty amenable to review by this Court. By rejecting the analysis in Woodley, this Court is keeping in line with what other courts have been doing regarding placement.

The other cases cited by the Court as supporting its holding all predate the application of FSA credits and provide dubious support.

wrong160620The Bayless decision is patently wrong. First, the issue is much narrower than reading § 3632 “as a whole.” Rather, it is whether – once an inmate meets all of the eligibility requirements – the BOP has a mandatory duty to place the prisoner in halfway house or home confinement. That does not ask the Court to review any discretionary eligibility requirement listed in § 3632, but rather only asks whether – once a prisoner is found to be eligible – what a single sentence in § 3632(d)(4)(C) means.  That sentence is “[t]he Director of the Bureau of Prisons shall transfer eligible prisoners, as determined under § 3624(g), into prerelease custody or supervised release.” (Emphasis mine).

Pretty simple question… Does “shall” mean “shall” or does it just mean “may?” But the Bayless court says the answer is not for the courts to say.

Second, the EPA decision interprets a statute – 42 USC § 7604(a)(2) – that is particular only to the EPA. That statute authorizes a private citizen to sue the EPA “where there is alleged a failure of the Administrator to perform any act or duty under this chapter which is not discretionary with the Administrator…”  There is no adjunct to this in the First Step Act Instead, the operative statute for a prisoner would be 28 USC § 2241, the writ of habeas corpus, a very different animal indeed.

Under the Bayless reasoning, the FSA credit statute becomes toothless, leaving the BOP free to do anything it wants to do with the credits a prisoner has earned.

incompetent220215The Bayless decision is error-ridden, but it is largely the result of a petitioner who didn’t know what he was doing and made a mess of his ill-advised 28 USC § 2241 petition. Unfortunately, he has now appealed the denial to the 4th Circuit. Unless he gets competent legal help pretty fast, he is likely to turn a bad district court decision into a disastrous Circuit precedent.

Bad case. Hard law.

Booker v. Bayless, Case No. 5:24-CV-43, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 149061 (N.D. W.Va., August 20, 2024)

Booker v. Bayless, Case No. 24-6844 (4th Cir, docketed August 28, 2024)

Northern Securities Co. v. United States, 193 U.S. 197 (1904) (Holmes, Jr, J., dissenting)

Murray Energy Corp v. Environmental Protection Agency, 861 F3d 529 (4th Cir. 2017)

– Thomas L. Root

Two Years Into New BOP Director, Seems Like the Same Ol’ Same Ol’ – Update for September 10, 2024

We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

THEY EXPECT SOME RESULTS

Sometime in the next few months, we should see Bureau of Prisons Director Colette S. Peters make the 10-minute walk from her office to Capitol Hill for an oversight hearing.

honeymoon220224When she first appeared in front of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary two years ago, it was a love-fest. Last September, after she had been at the helm for a year, she received a decidedly cooler reception, with Senator Jon Ossoff (D-GA) warning her that “you’ve now been in the post for about a year and Congress expects results.”

We now have results. And they’re not all that good. The next oversight hearing ought to be a doozy.

In the FCI Dublin class action lawsuit last Thursday, US District Court Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers (N.D. CA) denied a BOP motion to dismiss the case, saying she doesn’t believe Bureau platitudes that that it is now providing former Dublin prisoners with “adequate care” at prisons across the country.

“The Court is not so easily persuaded,” a skeptical Judge Gonzalez Rogers wrote. “The notion that the constitutional injuries alleged by FCI Dublin’s AICs (adults in custody) were comprehensively remedied by the facility’s closure strains credulity.”

The BOP offered a one-page declaration from Deputy Director William Lothrop that asserted, among other things, that “the BOP is able to presently care for its female AIC population and anticipates the ability to meet their future needs without requiring the use of the FCI Dublin facility.” But when the Court ordered Lothrop to testify, it turned out that he did not know “the details of this case… He was not aware, for instance, of the many outstanding issues… includ[ing] but… not limited to (i) 126 medical alerts; (ii) 63 Medication Assisted Treatment alerts; (iii) 30 mental health alerts; and (iv) 137 unprocessed property claims. This lack of awareness directly undermines his statement that ‘[t]he BOP is able to presently care for its female AIC population.’”

liar160103What’s more, the Judge wrote, “the BOP has not memorialized its alleged decision not to re-open FCI Dublin to house women AICs anywhere outside of Lothrop’s declaration… Thus nothing stops BOP from reversing course in the future, should this case be dismissed as moot.” Also, the Deputy Director admitted that all other BOP facilities are understaffed, “yet the decision was made not to increase staffing prior to the transfer” of the FCI Dublin prisoners.

“This directly undermines Deputy Director’s statement that ‘the BOP is able to presently care for its female AIC population and anticipates the ability to meet their future needs without requiring the use of the FCI Dublin facility,’” the Court observed. “It cannot simultaneously be true that (i) no BOP facility is fully staffed, and (ii) the BOP is aware of no barriers to providing the IACs in their custody with appropriate care.”

NPR reported last week that despite the Dept of Justice Inspector General’s and media reports on inadequate medical care at FCI Sheridan, the BOP is still failing to treat inmates for months on end and making a hash of recordkeeping, according to inmates. The BOP has responded that it “takes pride in protecting and securing individuals entrusted in our custody” and makes “every effort to ensure the physical, medical, and mental safety” of those individuals.”

On September 6th, Reason reported that “last week, at least seven women at [FCI Waseca] were sent to a local hospital for suspected drug overdoses, and incarcerated women and attorneys say the conditions inside are chaotic, filthy, and violent because of rampant abuse of the dangerous drug.”

The BOP confirmed that “[l]ast week, out of an abundance of caution, [FCI] Waseca sent seven incarcerated individuals exhibiting signs of drug use to a local hospital for additional evaluation. All were evaluated and returned the same day.”

“The [BOP] takes seriously our duty to protect the individuals entrusted in our custody,” a BOP spokesperson said, “as well as to keep correctional employees and the community safe, by maintaining a controlled environment that is secure and humane.”

Reason reported that 7 months ago, Catherine Sevcenko, senior counsel with the National Council for Incarcerated and Formerly Incarcerated Women and Girls, wrote to FCI Waseca administration “detailing accounts from inside the prison about women smoking K2 and vomiting, having diarrhea, seizures, and hallucinations. Users became aggressive and paranoid. Addiction and drug debts were leading to violence and theft.”

“Everyone who has reached out to us believes that someone will die, whether from overdose or being attacked, if things do not change quickly,” Sevcenko reportedly said.

The Waseca warden replied,

I would like to assure you that the Bureau of Prisons is committed to providing a safe and healthful environment for individuals in our custody, as well as our staff… The introduction and use of illicit substances within our facilities is prohibited and the prevention of such remains a priority to all Bureau staff. At FCI Waseca, procedures exist to prevent and detect the introduction of contraband into the facility, as well as to prevent and detect the use of illicit substances inside the facility.

Well, that’s a relief! Everything’s under control.

Spice_drugLast week, a union representing FCI Thomson employees issued a press release reporting that a correctional officer had been exposed to what was believed to be amphetamines, and was revived with Narcan and hospitalized. Two weeks before, another Thomson CO reportedly was also exposed to drugs and had to be given Narcan and hospitalized.

The press release cited the death of a USP Atwater BOP officer last month from exposure to fentanyl, but authorities have not announced whether fentanyl was the cause of death, and as of Sep 6, the three defendants have not been charged with drug distribution leading to death.

KTVU, FCI Dublin women transfers continue to complain; judge denies BOP (September 6, 2024)

Order, California Coalition of Women Prisoners v BOP, ECF 385, Case No 4:23-cv-4155 (N.D. Cal., September 5, 2024)

NPR, 2 years and counting. Inmate says medical delays still plague federal prison in Oregon (September 1, 2024)

Reason, A Federal Prison Was Warned About Synthetic Marijuana. Then Inmates Started Overdosing (September 6, 2024)

AFGE 4070 Press Release, A Correctional Officer was exposed to what was believed to be amphetamines. The staff member was given Narcan before being transported to a local hospital. (September 2, 2024)

– Thomas L. Root