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Rely on USSC Guidance… Or Not, 7th Circuit Says – Update for April 18, 2023

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We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

THAT WAS THEN, THIS IS NOW

Remember when the 7th Circuit ruled that old Guideline 1B1.13 – that rather rigidly defined what constituted an “extraordinary and compelling” reason for sentence reduction under 18 USC § 3582(c)(1)(A) – did not apply to inmate-filed compassionate release  motions?

The Circuit ruled in the 2020 United States v. Gunn decision that while 1B1.13 did not apply, the result was not a “sort of Wild West in court, with every district judge having an idiosyncratic release policy.” This was because “the substantive aspects of the Sentencing Commission’s analysis in 1B1.13 and its Application Notes provide a working definition of ‘extraordinary and compelling reasons’… the Commission’s analysis can guide discretion without being conclusive.”

wildwest230418Well, apparently, it guides until it doesn’t guide. And “doesn’t” happened last week, when the 7th ruled that a prisoner’s “unconstitutionally-imposed mandatory life sentence” from a 2001 case cannot be a part of the “extraordinary and compelling” reasons for a compassionate release despite the fact that a week before the opinion was issued, the Commission formally proposed amending 1B1.13 to include harsh sentences that no longer could be imposed due to a change in the law.

Suddenly, the Commission’s analysis provides no meaningful guidance to the Circuit at all:

The USSC is in the process of studying the issue, and recently it has proposed defining ‘extraordinary and compelling reasons’ to include circumstances in which ‘[t]he defendant is serving a sentence that is inequitable in light of changes in the law.’ But this effort is still at an early stage—so early that we see no value in speculating on what such a change would mean. Until the Commission definitively says otherwise, we will not deviate from our current understanding. We therefore affirm the judgment of the district court.

The opinion cited the draft USSC proposal from January and not the Commission’s April 5th action released eight days before the Circuit’s opinion was handed down. A reasonable observer could conclude that “the Commission [has] definitively [said] otherwise” at this point:

[T]he proposed amendment would add a new category (“Unusually Long Sentences”) providing that if a defendant received an unusually long sentence and has served at least 10 years of the term of imprisonment, a change in the law (other than an amendment to the Guidelines Manual that has not been made retroactive) may be considered in determining whether the defendant presents an extraordinary and compelling reason, but only where such change would produce a gross disparity between the sentence being served and the sentence likely to be imposed at the time the motion is filed, and after full consideration of the defendant’s individualized circumstances.

One can only hope that the prisoner’s attorney seeks rehearing of a decision that reflects much more sloppiness than one should expect from an appellate court.

United States v. Williams, Case No. 22-1212, 2023 U.S. App. LEXIS 8826 (7th Cir., April 13, 2023)

United States v. Gunn, 980 F.3d 1178 (7th Cir. 2020)

U.S. Sentencing Commission, Amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines (Preliminary) (April 5, 2023)

– Thomas L. Root

Guideline Amendments Adopted in Contentious USSG Love-fest – Update for April 6, 2023

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We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

SENTENCING COMMISSION ADOPTS AMENDMENTS

USSC170511The U.S. Sentencing Commission yesterday adopted proposed amendments to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for the first time in five years, with the new “compassionate release” guidelines consuming much of the meeting and generating sharp (but collegial) disagreement.

The “compassionate release” Guideline, USSG § 1B1.13, was approved on a 4-3 vote. It updates and expands the criteria for what can qualify as “extraordinary and compelling reasons” to grant compassionate release – the language in 18 USC § 3582(c)(1)(A) – and it will give judges both more discretion and more guidance to determine when a sentence reduction is warranted.

The new categories that could make an inmate eligible for compassionate release include

• if the prisoner is suffering from a medical condition that requires long-term or specialized medical care not being provided by the BOP and without which he or she is at risk of serious deterioration in health or death.

• if the prisoner is housed at a prison affected or at imminent risk of being affected by (an ongoing outbreak of infectious disease or an ongoing public health emergency declared by the appropriate federal, state, or local authority, and due to personal health risk factors and custodial status, he or she is at increased risk of suffering “severe medical complications or death as a result of exposure” to the outbreak.

• if the prisoner’s parent is incapacitated and the prisoner would be the only available caregiver.

• if the prisoner establishes that similar family circumstances exist involving any other immediate family member or someone whose relationship with the prisoner is similar in kind to that of an immediate family member when the prisoner would be the only available caregiver.

• if the prisoner becomes the victim of sexual assault by a corrections officer.

• if a prisoner received an unusually long sentence and has served at least 10 years of the term of imprisonment, changes in the law (other than to the Guidelines) may be considered in determining whether an extraordinary and compelling reason exists, but only where such change would produce a gross disparity between the sentence being served and the sentence likely to be imposed at the time the motion is filed.

The amendments also provide that while rehabilitation is not, by itself, an extraordinary and compelling reason, it may be considered in combination with other circumstances.

compassion160208Three of the seven-member Commission disagreed sharply with the “unusually long sentence” amendment. Commissioner Candice C. Wong said, “Today’s amendment allows compassionate release to be the vehicle for applying retroactively the very reductions that Congress has said by statute should not apply retroactively.”

Commissioner Claira Boom Horn, who is a sitting US District Court Judge in Kentucky, observed that “nothing in the First Step Act – literally nothing, not text, not legislative history – indicates any intention on Congress’s part to expand the substantive criteria for granting compassionate release, much less to fundamentally change the nature of compassionate release to encompass for the first time factors other than the defendant’s personal or family circumstances. The Supreme Court tells us that Congress does not hide elephants in mouseholes and it did not do so here.”

Commissioner Claire McCusker Murray said, “The seismic expansion of compassionate release promulgated today not only saddles judges with the task of interpreting a free will catch-all but also ensures a flood of motions, a flood that will then repeat anytime there is a nonretroactive change in the law. For the past several years, while the Commission lacked a quorum to implement the First Step Act, the country has experienced a natural experiment in what happens when judges have no operative guidance as to the criteria they should apply in deciding release motions. The result has been widespread disparities. In Fiscal Year 2022, for example, the most generous circuit granted 35% of compassionate release motions, the most cautious granted only 2.5%. The disparities within circuits and even within courthouses were often just as stark. We fear that with today’s dramatic vague and ultimately unlawful expansion of compassionate release that we… will expect far more of the same.”

Commissioner John Gleeson, a retired US District Court judge and Wall Street law firm partner, disagreed: “[The amendment’s] common sense guidance is fully consistent with separation of powers principles, our authority as the Sentencing Commission, and with the First Step Act. Most importantly, it will ensure that § 3582(c)(1)(A) of Title 18 of the United States Code serves one of the purposes Congress explicitly intended it to serve when that law is enacted almost 40 years ago: to provide a needed transparent judicial second look at unusually long sentences that in fairness should be reduced.”

noteasycongress221212Congress may veto one or more of the Guidelines proposals between now and November 1, 2023. That has only once before, when Congress voted down a guideline lessening the crack/cocaine disparity in 2005. Congress is pretty busy, and both the Senate and House are pretty evenly split politically, but the extent of the disagreement at the Commission gives cause for concern. If Congress does veto, it is unclear whether would focus solely on the “unusually long sentence” subsection of new § 1B1.13, or whether the entire amended Guideline would be jettisoned.

In other action, the Commission had been considering an amendment that prohibited courts from imposing longer sentences based on alleged crimes of which a defendant had been acquitted. Commission Chairman Carleton Reeves, a federal district judge from the Southern District of Mississippi, said the Commission needs more time before making a final determination on the issue.

Reuters reported that Michael P. Heiskell, President-Elect of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, said he was disappointed by the delay. “Permitting people to be sentenced based on conduct for which a jury has acquitted them is fundamentally unfair because it eviscerates the constitutional right to trial and disrespects the jury’s role,” he said in a statement.

However, the Commission’s delay may rejuvenate the McClinton v. United States petition for certiorari, which the Supreme Court has been sitting on at the suggestion of the Dept of Justice, awaiting Sentencing Commission action on acquitted conduct. A Supreme Court decision that use of acquitted conduct in sentencing is unconstitutional would benefit many more people than would a prospective Guidelines change.

The USSC also adopted a criminal history amendment that eliminates “status points” (sometimes called “recency points”) – additional criminal history points assessed if the defendant committed the current crime within two years of release for a prior crime – and grants a 2-level downward adjustment to a defendant’s offense level if he or she had zero criminal history points and met other criteria.

The Commission also approved an amendment to criminal history commentary advising judges to treat prior marijuana possession offenses more leniently in the criminal history calculus, making downward adjustments for offenses now seen as lawful by many states.

The proposal doesn’t seek to remove marijuana convictions as a criminal history factor entirely, but it would revise commentary within the guidelines to “include sentences resulting from possession of marihuana offenses as an example of when a downward departure from the defendant’s criminal history may be warranted,” according to a synopsis.

usscretro230406None of the Guidelines changes is retroactive without specific Commission determination that they should be. The USSC yesterday issued a notice that it will consider, pursuant to 18 USC § 3582(c)(2) and 28 USC § 994(u), whether Guidelines changes on “status points” and the “zero criminal history points” adjustment should be retroactive, and ask for public comment on the matter.

Although the Guidelines amendments do not become effective until November, most federal circuits have declared that – while the current § 1B1.13 is not binding on district courts because it is pre-First Step – courts should consider it to express the opinion of an agency expert in sentencing. The amended § 1B1.13 has every bit of the authority that the current non-binding § 1B1.13 has, and it has the additional benefit of being evidence of current Sentencing Commission thought.

USSC, Adopted Amendments (Effective November 1, 2023) (April 5, 2023)

USSC, Issue For Comment On Retroactivity Of Criminal History Amendment (April 5, 2023)

Reuters, U.S. panel votes to expand compassionate release for prisoners (April 5, 2023)

Marijuana Moment, Federal Sentencing Commission Approves New Marijuana Guidelines For Judges To Treat Past Convictions More Leniently (April 5, 2023)

– Thomas L. Root

U.S. Sentencing Commission’s In A Hurry to Get Things Done – Update for March 27, 2023

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We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

SENTENCING COMMISSION ROCKET DOCKET

rocket190620Showing that a federal prisoner has an ‘extraordinary and compelling’ reason for grant of compassionate release is critical to getting a sentence reduction grant under 18 USC § 3582(c)(1)(A). That statute also requires that any grant be consistent with “applicable policy statements” of the U.S. Sentencing Commission.

This is where it’s been sticky. The USSC has one policy statement (USSG § 1B1.13) addressing compassionate release, adopted well before the compassionate release statute was changed by the First Step Act. The same month Congress passed First Step (December 2018), the USSC lost its quorum as multiple members’ terms expired. President Trump nominated some new members a few months later, but the Senate did not approve them. That condition lasted until last spring, when President Biden nominated a complete slate of new members.

USSC2300327Without a quorum, the USSC could not modify § 1B1.13 to account for the changes that First Step made in the § 3582(c)(1)(A). Almost all courts responded by holding that the old § 1B1.13 was no longer an “applicable policy statement” and thus didn’t bind the courts. In a way, that was liberating to the people filing compassionate release motions, because courts were freed from § 1B1.13’s restrictive definition of what constituted “extraordinary and compelling” reasons.

But without a USSC policy statement moderating district court responses, compassionate release grants since 2019 have been characterized by wide disparity. In Oregon, for instance, about 62% of compassionate release filings have been granted. In the Middle District of Georgia, on the other hand, only about 1.5% have been granted.

The new USSC said last its top priority was to amend § 1B1.13, and in January, the Commission issued a draft § 1B1.13 for public comment that contained some very prisoner-friendly proposals and options. The proposed change was part of an extensive set of draft Guidelines amendments that spanned more than a hundred pages of text. The public comment period ended two weeks ago, with over 1,600 pages of comments filed on the compassionate release proposal alone.

The USSC usually rolls out its proposal Guidelines amendments by May 1st. Under 28 USC § 994(p), the amendments go to Congress, which then has 180 days to reject them. If Congress does nothing (which is almost always the case), the changes become effective.

Iminahurry230327But this new USSC is in a hurry to get things done. Last week, the Commission announced an April 5 meeting at which the final § 1B1.13 (and all of the other draft proposed amendments) will be adopted.

If the amendment package goes to Congress that same day, they could become effective as early as Monday, Oct 2nd.

USSC, Public Meeting – April 5, 2023 (March 24, 2023)

– Thomas L. Root

DOJ Called Out On Two-Faced Acquitted Conduct Position – Update for March 13, 2023

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We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

DOJ SPEAKS WITH FORKED TONGUE

In late January, the Department of Justice got the Supreme Court to place a hold on four petitions for certiorari that, if granted, would have the Court decide whether acquitted conduct can be used in sentencing. DOJ pulled this off by promising SCOTUS that the proposed Guidelines amendments were going to fix the problem.

Then, DOJ showed up at the Sentencing Commission to tell it that it lacked the power to make the acquitted conduct change. Last week, the Supreme Court petitioner cried foul.

Acquitted conduct sentencing is a district court’s use of conduct a jury had acquitted a defendant of in setting Guidelines and deciding whether to depart from those Guidelines in sentencing a defendant.

Real-life example: Last week, the 7th Circuit upheld Phillip Robinson’s sentence. Phil was charged with a drug distribution conspiracy and an 18 USC § 924(c) for using a gun during a drug transaction. The jury convicted him of the drug conspiracy but acquitted him on the § 924(c). At sentencing, the district court pumped up Phil’s Guidelines for possessing a gun “in connection with the cocaine conspiracy.” The Circuit said that under the Supreme Court’s 1997 United States v. Watts decision, using the acquitted conduct to enhance Phil’s sentence is fine.

The petitions in front of SCOTUS, led by McClinton v United States, argue that sentencing defendants based on conduct a jury acquitted them of violates the 6th Amendment. The Supremes have relisted McClinton multiple times (“relisting” meaning the justices have considered the petitions at their weekly conference and then deferred a decision to the next conference, a “relist” meaning that the petition have substantial support).

On January 12th, the Sentencing Commission rolled out its draft proposed Guidelines amendments for public comment. One of them would ban the use of acquitted conduct in setting Guidelines levels. If adopted, the change would mean that Phil’s Guidelines would be set based only on the coke conspiracy without reference to the gun.

nothingtosee230313In response, DOJ told the Supreme Court that “[t]his Court’s intervention” was not “necessary to address” the widespread problem of acquitted-conduct sentencing because “the Sentencing Commission could promulgate guidelines to preclude such reliance.”

A few weeks later, DOJ told the Sentencing Commission that it could not amend the Guidelines to curtail the use of acquitted conduct at federal sentencing. DOJ argued that USSC lacked the power to adopt the amendment. The proposal “would be a significant departure from long-standing sentencing practice” because the Supreme Court “has continued to affirm [in Watts] that there are no limitations on the information concerning a defendant’s background, character, and conduct that courts may consider in determining an appropriate sentence.”

McClinton has fired back that DOJ’s “expansive reading of Watts” in front of the Sentencing Commission “is deeply at odds with the far more limited understanding the government has presented to this Court… And contrary to its assurances to this Court, DOJ now contends that the Sentencing Commission lacks authority to promulgate amendments addressing the practice.”

two-faced230313Reuters said last week that DOJ’s position on this issue “does not square with agency leadership and President Joe Biden’s forceful commitments to addressing racism in the justice system and reducing mass incarceration.”

True, but what is more notable is that DOJ can tell the Supreme Court to deny McClinton review because the USSC is going to fix the acquitted conduct problem while at the same time telling USSC that it is not allowed to fix the problem. The government has prosecuted people for less duplicity than that.

Letter of DOJ to Supreme Court, Case No 21-1557, January 18, 2023)

United States v. Robinson, Case No 22-1472, 2023 USAppLEXIS 5625 (7th Cir, March 9, 2023)

Supplemental Brief of Dayonta McClinton, Case No 21-1557 (Supreme Ct, March 7, 2023)

United States v. Watts, 519 US 148 (1997)

Reuters, U.S. Justice Dept takes a hard line on sentencing reform (March 7, 2023)

Sentencing Law and Policy, DOJ testimony to Sentencing Commission on acquitted conduct sentencing generates notable responses (March 8, 2023)

– Thomas L. Root

Did DOJ Sandbag McClinton Cert Petition? – Update for February 21, 2023

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We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

A COUPLE OF SCOTUS RELISTS COME UP TODAY

relist230221Last week, I reported that the Supreme Court would again take up McClinton v. United States – a case on using acquitted conduct at sentencing – at last Friday’s conference. We won’t know the conference’s outcome until today at 9:30 am EST, but last week, SCOTUSblog.com had an interesting spin on the repeated McClinton relistings.

John Elwood, one of Dayonta McClinton’s lawyers and a regular SCOTUSblog contributor, wrote that McClinton and four other cases raising the same issue “are just sitting there on the court’s docket… [A]s near as we can tell, the court appears to be holding those cases to see whether the US Sentencing Commission acts on a pending proposal to place restrictions on federal courts’ consideration of acquitted conduct at sentencing.”

How come? It seems the Solicitor General wrote to the Court in January, alerting it to the Commission’s acquitted conduct proposal and implying that the Guidelines change would solve the problem, making the grant of McClinton’s constitutional challenge to acquitted conduct superfluous.

inaction230221Dayonta McClinton has argued that the USSC proposal is “woefully inadequate to resolve the issue, but it still may explain the court’s inaction,” Elwood wrote. “Things may become clearer down the road.”

Another new relist, Davis v. United States, raises a fascinating 28 USC § 2255 question: Quartavious Davis got 159 years for a string of armed Hobbs Act robberies. His two co-defendants signed plea deals and got about a tenth of that time. Quart argues his attorney was ineffective by not negotiating the same kind of plea agreement with the government. His district court denied the post-conviction petition, holding that Quart could not prove that he would have gotten a plea deal if his lawyer had advocated for one.

Quart contends it should be enough to show that similarly-situated co-defendants got plea deals, which – he argues – suggests there is no reason the government would not have given him the same benefit. The 11th Circuit disagreed, holding that he could not show prejudice absent making some showing that the government had offered him a plea deal.

catch22-230221The petition raises the Catch-22 that informs a lot of § 2255 post-conviction arguments. Under the case that shaped modern federal habeas corpus claims directed at the constitutionality of federal convictions and sentences – Strickland v. Washington – in order to make a prima facie showing that a movant is entitled to a hearing, the prisoner has to show his or her lawyer goofed, and that but for the goof, there is a reasonable probability that the goof affected the outcome.

Here, Quart has argued that probability favors his claim that the government would have made a plea offer: after all, his two co-defendants – whose culpability was little different than his own – got plea deals. Unsurprising, inasmuch as 94% of federal prosecutions end in plea deals. But the government argues that he could not prove that the government would have made an offer, so he should be denied the very hearing that he needs to prove the government would have made an offer.

Catch-22. To be entitled to a hearing that could prove an element of his claim, the movant must prove the element.

We’ll see whether the Supreme Court is interested in a case that could sharpen the definition of “reasonable probability” as used in Strickland.

McClinton v. United States, Case No. 21-1557 (certiorari filed March 15, 2022)

Davis v. United States, Case No. 22-5364 (certiorari filed August 8, 2022)

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984)

SCOTUSblog.com, Plea bargaining and a high-profile separation-of-powers case (February 15, 2023)

JDSupra, Sentencing Guidelines Amendment Would Preclude Acquitted Conduct from Being Used at Sentencing (January 30, 2023)

– Thomas L. Root

New Day Dawning for Compassionate Release? – Update for January 17, 2023

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We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

SENTENCING COMMISSION ISSUES DRAFT COMPASSIONATE RELEASE AMENDMENTS

USSCvanwinkle230117For the first time in five years, the U.S. Sentencing Commission last week issued draft Guidelines amendments that – after public comment and a 6-month Congressional review period – will become effective in November.

The USSC’s draft amendments cover everything from the drug safety valve to extra points off for defendants with a zero criminal history score to tougher guideline numbers for gun straw purchasers. But these draft changes are of lesser interest to prisoners because nothing the Commission changes in the guidelines is retroactive unless the USSC goes through a separate amendment process to make it so.

The last time that happened was the “drug-minus-two” change in 2014. Whether any of the sentencing changes the USSC issued in draft form last week will ever make the retroactivity cut is not yet clear.

The compassionate release policy statement that the USSC rolled out, however, will have applicability for people already serving a sentence. The Guidelines applied at sentencing have been advisory for the past 18 years, but the Commission’s compassionate release policy, USSG § 1B1.13, is not: under 18 USC § 3582(c)(1)(A) – the  “compassionate release” provision of the sentencing statute – a district court must ensure any sentence reduction decision “is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.”
compassionlimit230117The existing compassionate release policy was written before the First Step Act passed, for an era in which only the Bureau of Prisons could bring a compassionate release motion on behalf of an inmate. Since First Step passed, most (but not all) circuit courts have ruled that § 1B1.13 is not binding because it had not been amended to include First Step changes. While that freed district courts to grant compassionate release in circumstances other than the few listed in the old § 1B1.13, it wasn’t all good.

“Commission data have indicated that in recent years — over the COVID-19 pandemic and without a Commission quorum — the district courts have granted compassionate release at varying rates,” US District Court Judge Carlton W. Reeves, Commission chairman, said at last week’s USSC meeting. “It is my sincere hope that our work… brings greater clarity to the federal courts and more uniform application of compassionate release across the country.”

According to the USSC, people in Oregon had a 62% chance of getting a compassionate release grant. People in the Middle District of Georgia had a 1.5% chance. Giving federal judges the freedom to define for themselves what justifies a sentence reduction is a great thing when it frees the jurists from unreasonably strict limitations. It’s not so great when defendants with similar histories and offenses are treated dramatically differently due to an accident of geography.

The draft § 1B1.13 amendments propose additions to circumstances justifying compassionate release that include “medical conditions that require long-term or specialized medical care, without which the defendant is at risk of serious deterioration in health or death, that are not being provided in a timely or adequate manner; risk of being affected by a disease outbreak in prison for which the defendant is at increased risk of suffering severe medical complications or death; the incapacitation of the defendant’s parent when the defendant would be the only available caregiver; the defendant has been the victim of sexual assault or physical committed by a BOP employee or contractor; or “the defendant is serving a sentence that is inequitable in light of changes in the law.”

compassion160208The proposal also suggests a “catch-all” provision that “the defendant presents an extraordinary and compelling reason other than, or in combination with” the other circumstances the Commission has proposed for the beefed-up  § 1B1.13. 

The USSC draft proposals also include a provision to amend § 1B1.3 the “relevant conduct’ provision that tends to run up sentencing ranges, “to add a new subsection (c) providing that acquitted conduct shall not be considered relevant conduct for purposes of determining the guideline range unless the conduct was admitted by the defendant during a guilty plea colloquy or was found by the trier of fact beyond a reasonable doubt to establish, in whole or in part, the instant offense of conviction.” As noted, no one at this point knows whether this might become retroactive in the future.

Reuters, U.S. panel proposes limiting sentencing of defendants for acquitted conduct (January 12, 2023)

USSC, US Sentencing Commission Seeks Comment on Proposed Revisions to Compassionate Release, Increase in Firearms Penalties (January 12, 2023)

USSC, Proposed Amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines (Preliminary) (January 12, 2023)

Sentencing Law and Policy, US Sentencing Commissions publishes proposed guideline amendments and issues for comment (January 12, 2023)

– Thomas L. Root

Four Years After First Step Passes, USSC to Roll Out Draft Compassionate Release Policy – Update for January 12, 2023

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We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

SENTENCING COMMISSION TO PUBLISH FIRST DRAFT PROPOSED GUIDELINES AMENDMENTS TODAY

USSC170511The U.S. Sentencing Commission will adopt its first set of draft proposed amendments to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines in five years when it meets today.

The Commission’s meeting, which starts at 1 p.m. Eastern time,  will be live-streamed.

Last October, the Commission announced that its top priority is amending USSG § 1B1.13, the policy statement on compassionate release.

The compassionate release statute, 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), requires judges to only grant compassionate releases that are “consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.” However, § 1B1.13 was written when only the BOP could bring compassionate release motions. The compassionate release statute was changed by the First Step Act, passed four years ago at the same time the Sentencing Commission lost its quorum,

Most (but not all) Circuits have since ruled that § 1B1.13 was written for a compassionate release regime that no longer exists and thus is not binding on district courts until it is amended.

Other changes that may be issued in draft form include changes in the drug Guideline (USSG § 2D1.1) due to First Step’s lowering of mandatory drug minimums, resolving circuit conflicts over whether the government may withhold a motion for a third acceptance of responsibility point because a defendant had moved to suppress evidence before entering a guilty plea, and amendments to the Guidelines career offender chapter that would provide an alternative to the “categorical approach” in determining whether an offense is a “crime of violence” or a “controlled substance offense.”

The draft the Commission will issue Thursday will be open for public comment for a period of time, and then a slate of proposed amendments will be adopted by May 1.  Under 28 U.S.C. § 994(p), the proposed amendments become effective November 1st unless Congress blocks them.

U.S. Sentencing Commission, Public Meeting – January 12, 2023 (January 3, 2023)

US Sentencing Commission, Commission Sets Policy Priorities (October 28, 2023)

– Thomas L. Root

Sentencing Commission Rolls Up Its Sleeves – Update for November 3, 2022

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We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

USSC SETS GUIDELINE AMENDMENT PRIORITIES

The U.S. Sentencing Commission held its first meeting in 46 months last Friday, voting in a 20-minute session to adopt priorities for the Guidelines amendment cycle that ends Nov 1, 2023.

USSC170511The USSC lost its quorum due to term expirations of multiple members in December 2018, just as the First Step Act was signed into law. That meant the commission was unable to revise the Guidelines just as First Step changes required modifications that would have prevented conflicting judicial interpretations, especially in the application of 18 USC § 3582(c)(1)(A) sentence reduction motions, commonly called “compassionate release” motions.

The compassionate release statute requires judges to consult USSG § 1B1.13, Guidelines policy on granting compassionate releases, but § 1B1.13 was written for a time when only the Bureau of Prisons could bring compassionate release motions. Most but not all Circuits have ruled that § 1B1.13 is not binding on district courts until it is amended, but the 11th has ruled that it is binding, the 8th has studiously avoided deciding the question, and others – such as the  3rd, 6th and 7th – have held that district judges cannot consider First Step Act changes in sentencing law that would result in much lower sentences when deciding compassionate release motions.

U.S. District Judge Carlton Reeves (S.D. Mississippi), chairman of the Commission, said implementing the First Step Act through revisions to the federal sentencing guidelines would be the USSC’s “top focus.”

Other changes in the Guidelines, such as to the drug tables, could result from First Step’s lowering of drug mandatory minimums.

responsibility221103Additional priorities for the coming year include resolving circuit conflicts over whether the government may withhold a motion for a third acceptance-of-responsibility point just because a defendant moved to suppress evidence before pleading guilty and whether an offense must involve a substance actually controlled by the Controlled Substances Act to qualify as a “controlled substance offense,”

The USSC will also consider amendments to the Guidelines career offender chapter that would provide an alternative to the “categorical approach” in determining whether an offense is a “crime of violence” or a “controlled substance offense.

First Step also made changes to the “safety valve,” which relieves certain drug trafficking offenders from statutory mandatory minimum penalties, by expanding eligibility to some defendants with more than one criminal history point. A USSC press release says the Commission “intends to issue amendments to § 5C1.2 to recognize the revised statutory criteria and consider changes to the 2-level reduction in the drug trafficking guideline currently tied to the statutory safety valve.”

marijuana220412The only addition to the Commission’s previously-published list of proposed priorities that came out of the meeting was consideration of possible amendments on whether, and to what extent, people’s criminal history for marijuana possession can be used against them in sentencing.

The cannabis item was added and adopted after President Joe Biden issued a mass marijuana pardon proclamation.

The Commission’s priorities only guide what it will be working on for the Nov 2023 amendment cycle. Expect amendment proposals by late January, followed by a public comment period, and final amendments by May 1. After that, the Senate has 6 months to reject any of the amendments (a very rare occurrence). Amendments not rejected will become effective Nov 1, 2023.

Reuters, Newly-reconstituted U.S. sentencing panel finalizes reform priorities (October 28, 2022)

US Sentencing Commission, Final Priorities for Amendment Cycle (October 5, 2022)

US Sentencing Commission, Commission Sets Policy Priorities (October 28, 2022)

Marijuana Moment, Federal Commission Considers Changes To How Past Marijuana Convictions Can Affect Sentencing For New Crimes (October 28, 2022)

– Thomas L. Root

D.C. Circuit Creates More “Compassionate Release” Circuit Confusion – Update for October 26, 2022

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We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

DC CIRCUIT HOLDS THAT CHANGES IN THE LAW CANNOT SUPPORT COMPASSIONATE RELEASE

circuitsplit220516The US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has deepened the circuit split on compassionate release, joining three other circuits in holding that a prisoner cannot use the fact he or she is serving a sentence that could not be imposed today as “extraordinary and compelling” reason for an 18 USC § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i) compassionate release.

In 2016, Curtis Jenkins was caught by D.C. police with drugs and a gun. He got bonded out of jail, but a short time later he was caught by D.C. police again with drugs and a gun. Curtis thus faced two 18 USC § 924(c) counts (for carrying a gun during drug trafficking) and a 15-year Armed Career Criminal Act count (18 USC § 924(e)), not to mention qualifying as a “career offender” under the Sentencing Guidelines (which dramatically jacks up the sentencing range).

Factor all of that into the mix, Curtis was looking at a minimum 45-year sentence. He did the wise thing, agreeing to a plea deal that carried a Guidelines range of 23-27 years. Despite that range – still a substantial chunk of time – The parties agreed to recommend only 12 years to the sentencing judge.

From there, things got even better. Curtis walked out of sentencing with eight years. For the math-challenged among us, good lawyering had cut Curtis’s sentence exposure by about 82%.

It looked like a great deal at the time, but after a few years, Curtis thought it had all turned to dust later.

First, in 2018, the First Step Act changed § 924(c) so that the 25-year add-on sentence required by law for the second § 924(c) violation would only apply if the second offense came after a first conviction. If that had been the law when Curtis was convicted, his 45-year mandatory minimum sentence would have been only 30 years.

May you rest in peace, Betty... stealing America's hearts did not make you ACCA-qualified.
May you rest in peace, Betty… stealing America’s hearts did not make you ACCA-qualified.

Second, things changed for Curtis’s ACCA conviction. If a felon was caught with a gun back when Curtis was nabbed, he or she faced a zero-to-ten-year sentence. But if the defendant had three prior convictions for violent crimes or drug offenses, the sentence was a minimum 15 years. Two of Curtis’s predicate offenses qualifying him for the ACCA were for assault with a weapon. D.C. law at the time permitted conviction for that offense even when the assault was committed “recklessly.” But in 2021, the Supreme Court ruled in Borden v. United States that any crime that could be committed recklessly was not a “crime of violence” for ACCA purposes. If that had been the law when Curtis was convicted, his 30-year mandatory minimum sentence exposure would have dropped to only 10 years.

Third, the Court of Appeals held in United States v. Winstead that drug offenses relied on to qualify someone as a Guidelines career offender could not count when they were mere attempts. Curtis’s drug priors were for attempted drug distribution, meaning that the high sentencing range that applied because he was a Guidelines “career offender” would have been out, too.

Like that, all of the very good reasons Curtis once had for taking a 12-year deal disappeared like Halloween candy on trick-or-treat night. He moved for a sentence reduction, arguing that if he had made a deal based on the sentence exposure he would have faced if he were sentenced today, it would have been a lot lower.

emptybowl221027The district court denied Curtis’s
motion, holding that changes in the law were not the kind of “extraordinary and compelling” reasons for sentence reduction listed in USSG § 1B1.13, the Guidelines policy statement covering compassionate release motions. That statement does not bind the court, the judge ruled, but he nonetheless referred to it for “guidance.”

The district court said the First Step Act, Winstead, and Borden were irrelevant, because the compassionate-release statute does not permit courts to reexamine the lawfulness or fairness of a sentence as originally imposed.

Two weeks ago, the DC Circuit upheld the district court’s denial. “We agree with the 3rd, 7th, and 8th Circuits,” the appellate panel wrote. “To begin, there is nothing remotely extraordinary about statutes applying only prospectively. In fact, there is a strong presumption against statutory retroactivity, which is ‘deeply rooted in our jurisprudence’ and ‘embodies a legal doctrine older than our Republic’… [The Supreme Court has held that] in federal sentencing the ordinary practice is to apply new lower penalties to defendants not yet sentenced, while withholding that change from defendants already sentenced. And what “the Supreme Court views as the ‘ordinary practice’ cannot also be an ‘extraordinary … reason’ to deviate from that practice.”

extraordinary221027But other Circuits – including the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 9th and 10th – do consider such changes to be among the “extraordinary and compelling reasons” for sentence reduction that will drive a compassionate release motion. The Circuit split just exacerbated by Curtis’s D.C. Circuit decision will most likely be fixed not by the Supreme Court but rather by the newly-reconstituted Sentencing Commission.

The Commission, which just announced having received over 8,000 public comments on its announcement of proposed priorities – has its first public meeting set for this coming Friday. The Commission is expected to adopt its priorities for the coming year, the first of which is likely to be to amend § 1B1.13 to bring some predictability to compassionate release cases.

When that happens, § 1B1.13 will again be binding on the courts, and we can expect a little uniformity to be injected into what is now a chaotic compassionate release system.

United States v. Jenkins, Case No. 21-3089, 2022 U.S.App. LEXIS 28198 (D.C. Cir., Oct. 11, 2022)

U.S. Sentencing Commission, Public Meeting, October 28, 2022

U.S. Sentencing Commission, Public Comments on Priorities (October 23, 2022)

– Thomas L. Root

Batting Cleanup for LISA… – Update for June 17, 2022

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wahoo220617We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

Today, we’re cleaning up the week with some odds and ends left over from the week before…

Judiciary Committee Grills Sentencing Committee Nominees: President Biden’s seven nominees to the U.S. Sentencing Commission promised at a Senate hearing last week to prioritize implementing the First Step Act by amending the Guidelines, something the Commission had been unable to do since losing its quorum just as the 2018 law passed.

U.S. District Judge Carlton Reeves (S.D. Miss), nominated to be chairman of the USSC, told the Judiciary Committee that the Commission would also address what he called “troubling” divisions that emerged among courts on sentencing issues during the years it lacked a quorum.

Four Democrat and three Republican picks have been nominated to join the seven-member commission.

Senior U.S. District Judge Charles Breyer (N.D. Cal.), the lone remaining member of USSC, has complained that the Commission’s inability to update its compassionate release policy (USSC § 1B1.13) in light of First Step has resulted in inconsistent decisions across the nation on compassionate release amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

“Today, we take an important step to remedy that problem,” said Judiciary Committee chairman Sen Richard Durbin (D-IL).

Sen Marsha Blackburn (R-TN) jumped on one Democratic nominee, former U.S. District Judge John Gleeson. Gleeson, one of the most thoughtful and creative sentencing judges during his time on the E.D.N.Y. bench, has been a critic of mandatory minimum drug sentences.

“How can you possibly say that more lenient sentencing and reduced penalties for convicted criminals is the answer to our crime problems?” Blackburn complained. Gleeson, now a partner at a Wall Street law firm, responded that as a judge he tried only to show the impact mandatory sentences have on “the individualized sentencing that our system contemplates.”

pissfire220617Meanwhile, former federal defender Laura Mate, a director of the Federal Defenders’ Sentencing Resource Counsel Project, refused demands by Sen Josh Hawley (R-MO) to renounce a detailed 61-page letter to the Sentencing Commission she had co-signed in 2013. The letter had criticized mandatory minimums, especially for some child pornography offenses, with a detailed, well-reasoned argument.

Mate was pilloried by at least one YouTuber for politely dodging Hawley’s question, but given what I know of the good Senator from the Show-Me State, I would resist agreeing with him that the sun rises in the east, because he would end our exchange accusing me of causing dawn to arrive too early.

Republican USSC nominees include Claire McCusker Murray, a Justice Department official during the Trump era; Candice Wong, a federal prosecutor in Washington, D.C., and U.S. District Judge Claria Horn Boom of Kentucky.

The hearing suggests that the Senate will act soon on restoring a functional Sentencing Commission. However, as Ohio State University law professor Doug Berman observed in his Sentencing Law and Policy blog, “it is still unclear exactly when there will be a committee vote and then a full Senate vote on these nominees. I am hopeful these votes might take place this summer, but I should know better than to make any predictions about the pace of work by Congress.”

Senate Judiciary Committee, Hearing (June 8, 2022)

Reuters, Biden’s sentencing panel noms vow to implement criminal justice reform law (June 8, 2022)

Sentencing Law and Policy, Senate conducts hearing for nominees for US Sentencing Commission (June 8, 2022)

Federal Defenders, Letter to Sentencing Commission (July 15, 2013)

rockingchair220617Last Week Makes Mike Long for Retirement:  BOP Director Carvajal is probably giddy at the prospect that his replacement is finally waiting in the wings. 

Besides the USP Thomson investigation being announced last week, the BOP suffered some embarrassing press last week:

•  A Miami TV station reported on a CO’s claim that drones were being used to smuggle contraband into FDC Miami;

•  A Colorado paper reported that the BOP was paying $300,000 in damages to an ADX Florence inmate with Type 1 diabetes who alleged in a lawsuit that he had been denied adequate amounts of insulin;

•  A San Francisco area TV station reported that a former FCI Dublin inmate – who early on told BOP authorities about what has turned into a major sex abuse scandal featuring the arrest of a former warden and four other staffers – says she was punished in retaliation for calling out the staff abuse. “I will never tell another inmate that they should go to report anything to anyone higher up,” the former prisoner told KTVU. “Because all that’s going to happen is it’s going to make their life worse.”; and

•  A former correctional officer at the Federal Medical Center in Lexington, Kentucky, was sentenced to more than 11 years after pleading guilty to sexual abuse of inmates.

Finally, in February, Carvajal told a Congressional committee that the “common criticism” that the BOP is understaffed was a “narrative [that] is routinely misrepresented without reference to the factual data.” Two weeks ago, he told BOP staff in an agency-wide memo that “staffing levels are currently trending downward nationwide.”

Last week, Government Executive reported that the declines have happened in the last four months and that the employees who have quit cite “lack of training and lack of connection to the institution as reasons for their leaving the bureau within the first few years of service.”

Mike must be thinking that the old rocking chair is looking pretty good right now.

WQAD-TV, Justice Department Inspector General launches investigation into USP Thomson (June 9, 2022)

WTVJ, Inmates Attempted to Smuggle Contraband Using Drones, Correctional Officer Says (June 8, 2022)

Colorado Sun, Bureau of Prisons to pay $300,000 to settle lawsuit after diabetic prisoner was allegedly deprived of insulin at Supermax facility (June 7, 2022)

KTVU, Woman who reported Dublin prison sexual abuse claims she was target of retaliation (June 10, 2022)

Government Executive, Federal Prisons Are Losing Staff. The Bureau’s Director Would Like to Fix That By October (June 6, 2022)

– Thomas L. Root