We post news and comment on federal criminal justice issues, focused primarily on trial and post-conviction matters, legislative initiatives, and sentencing issues.

A CHRISTMAS LIST

A few appellate court holdings for your stocking (even if they seem to be lumps of coal):

Incompetence Here and There: Airrion Blake was convicted of tax fraud. Two months after his conviction, his attorney was thrown off the roster of attorneys allowed to practice in the 7^th Circuit after “flagrantly disregard[ing]” the district court’s instructions in a civil case that “raise[d] serious concerns about his professional competence.”

Airrion filed a 28 USC § 2255 petition claiming that his lawyer’s disciplinary proceedings should negate any presumption that he was professionally competent in Airrion’s case. Last week, the 7^th Circuit disagreed, reaffirming that ineffective assistance claims require case-specific analysis.

The court found that while Airrion’s lawyer misunderstood Brady obligations, Airrion failed to show how that prejudiced his case. Airrion admitted on the stand that his tax return was false, and ample evidence supported his conviction. Thus, there was no reasonable probability that correcting counsel’s errors would have changed the outcome.

Blake v. United States, Case No. 23-2399, 2025 U.S.App. LEXIS 32146 (7th Cir. Dec. 9, 2025)

No Need To Double Count: Jefferson Washington was convicted of a drug offense in 2020. His sentencing range would have been 24-30 months, but he was held to be a Guidelines career offender, making his sentencing range 151-188 months.

A few years later, the 4^th Circuit held that Jeff’s predicate offenses did not qualify for career offender status. Jeff filed for compassionate release under 18 USC § 3582(c)(1)(A), arguing that the gross sentence disparity between what he got in 2020 and what he would get today was an extraordinary and compelling reason for a reduction, and that the same disparity should be considered when the court weighed the 18 USC § 3553(a) sentencing factors.

The district court denied relief.

It agreed that Jeff had demonstrated that he had an extraordinary and compelling reason for a sentence reduction based on the “enormous disparity” between the career offender Guidelines range at sentencing and what it would be if his career offender status were eliminated. Despite that determination, the court ruled that compassionate release was not justified under the § 3553(a) sentencing factors because of Jeff’s “significant criminal history” – dating back some thirty years and including a collection of non-violent and violent offenses showed “disrespect for the law.” The court held that Jeff’s commendable rehabilitative efforts weren’t enough to convince it that he posed ‘a reduced danger to himself or his community.” Jeff argued that his time served was more than the top end of his guidelines if he had been sentenced today, but the court didn’t discuss that argument in its decision denying Jeff’s compassionate release motion.

“We… reject Washington’s argument that the court abused its discretion by failing to explicitly address the sentencing Guidelines range disparity… as part of its § 3553(a) discussion,” the 4th Circuit held. “[D]istrict courts are not required to restate views expressed in its “extraordinary and compelling” analysis in its § 3553(a) analysis. And… on appellate review… we consider the totality of [the court’s] statements rather than view them in isolation.”

The 4th ruled that the “district court’s reasoning demonstrates that it was fully aware of the extent of the sentencing disparity at issue here and that it factored in Washington’s favor… [N]othing required the district court to… readdress this same point when considering the other statutory factors relevant to its decision whether to grant relief… [B]ecause the record demonstrates that the district court understood and explicitly engaged with Washington’s Guidelines range disparity as part of its decision to deny relief, it was not required to repeat the same information twice.”

United States v. Washington, Case No. 23-7036, 2025 U.S.App. LEXIS 32550 (4th Cir. Dec. 12, 2025)

Hurts so Bad: If there is any recurring theme in Bureau of Prisons prisoner care, it’s the BOP’s consistent failure to give any credence to inmate health complaints, too often until it’s much too late to prevent permanent injury or death.

Troy Williams filed a compassionate release motion claiming that the Bureau of Prisons had failed to adequately treat his medical condition by not testing his blood enough to ensure the medicine was working and that lockdowns were preventing treatment.

The district court found that the BOP medical treatment may have been inadequate, but it wasn’t that inadequate. Just sort of inadequate, and not inadequate enough to warrant intervention. Last week, the 6^th Circuit agreed.

The Circuit said that while the BOP provided a declaration from its Health Services clinical director, Troy provided no “expert medical testimony” to connect sporadic and inadequate blood testing with any harm to his health. The evidence showed that even during a period with less than the recommended monthly testing, his numbers remained within an acceptable range and his doctors did not adjust his drug dosage.“ Given the overall record, the 4th said, the district court did not clearly err in finding that the frequency of Williams’s blood testing did not present a “risk of serious deterioration” to his health.

Troy also argued that lockdowns were preventing the facility from adequately treating him, but his medical records showed only one blood test was missed. He cited a third-party investigation of the prison that reported that frequent lockdowns interfered with medical care. As the government points out, however, there is only one documented instance in Williams’s voluminous medical records of a lockdown interfering with his blood testing. The BOP’s declaration and medical records got more credit than the third-party report, a decision that the appellate court held was not clearly erroneous.

The suggestion that compassionate release movants may need their own expert witnesses to counter the BOP’s self-serving medical declarations is troubling, raising a financial bar to relief that not many people can afford to overcome.

United States v. Williams, Case No. 25-3241, 2025 U.S.App. LEXIS 32556 (6th Cir. Dec. 12, 2025)

~ Thomas  L. Root